Review ArticleEmerging nanotechnology approaches in tissue engineering for peripheral nerve regeneration
Section snippets
Biomaterials development for nanoscaffolds
The success of cell transplantation therapies is not only influenced by the protocols for the isolation, growth, or differentiation of stem cells, but also depends on the method by which cells are engrafted and induced to functionally integrate into the affected tissue. In fact, in the in vivo condition the cells are located in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments, where they are surrounded by other cells and by the ECM, whose components, such as collagen, elastin, and laminin, are
Innovative nanodesign
In the last few decades, most of the strategies used in nervous-tissue engineering made use of rigid channel guides that eventually caused cell loss or neuropathy due to nonphysiological local stress exerted over the nervous tissue during the patient's movement. For these reasons the future of graft technology depends on optimization of the scaffold geometry, mechanical properties, and cross-sectional area, so as to increase the number and efficacy of ascending and descending axons. The
Nanomaterial tailoring for nerve regeneration
It has long been hypothesized that to duplicate all of the essential intercellular reactions and promote native intracellular responses, the ECM must be mimicked. Any scaffold material must be able to interact with cells in three dimensions and facilitate this communication. In native tissues, the structural ECM proteins (50- to 500-nm-diameter fibers) are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the cell itself; this allows the cell to be in direct contact with many ECM fibers, thereby
Drug delivery and cell therapy
Currently the majority of drugs are delivered into patients systemically (e.g., oral or intravenous delivery) without the use of a scaffold. Consequently, large doses are usually required for a desired local effect because of enzymatic degradation of the drug and nonspecific uptake by other tissues. Like drug delivery, cell therapy requires a high number of cells due to the considerable cell loss after the injection into the host tissue.
Biomaterials with nanoscale organizations can be used as
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No conflict of interest was reported by the authors of this article.
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These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.