Original articlePsychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in French clinical and nonclinical adultsPropriétés psychométriques du Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) sur un échantillon français d’adultes cliniques et non-cliniques
Section snippets
The present study
The goal of the present study was to further investigate the reliability, validity, measurement invariance, and appropriate cut-off scores of the CES-D, based on a CFA approach. The main CFA model that will be tested hypothesized a priori that the answers to the CES-D could be explained by four first-order factors (DA, PA, SC, and IR), which in turn would load on a single second-order factor representing depression. This model will be compared to various alternative models previously reported
Participants and procedures
A total of 469 participants were involved in this study (65.7% females) with a mean age of 40.7 years (standard deviation [SD], 16.2; range, 18–89 years). This sample comprised a first subsample of 306 community adults (59.5% females) not currently suffering from a major depressive episode (MDE) or any mental disorder, with a mean age of 35.4 years (SD, 14.3; range, 18–82 years). The second subsample consisted of 163 patients (77.3% females) with a mean age of 50.6 years (SD, 15.1; range, 19–89
Stage 1. Factor validity and reliability of the CES-D models
Six a priori CFA models from the available literature [1], [28], [45] were examined for the CES-D scores: (i) a one-factor model (Model 1); (ii) a two-factor model (Model 2, combining PA and IR in a single factor and combining DA and SC in a second factor); (iii) two different three-factor models (Model 3a, combining PA-DA in a single factor; Model 3b, combining DA and SC in a single factor); (iv) the a priori CES-D four-factor model (Model 4); and (v) the a priori CES-D four-factor model with
Discussion
These findings demonstrate that, in the total sample, the hypothesized second-order factor model satisfactorily fit the data, providing a better fit than the alternative models. These results confirm those from previous studies [9], [13], [22], [24], [26], [27], [28]. Further analyses also confirmed that the various CES-D subscales had adequate internal consistency coefficients (ω = .83–.96).
In the gender-based comparisons, the results show that the CES-D measurement model was fully invariant, up
Disclosure of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest concerning this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Valery Balestra-Depont, Cécile Mantrant, Sylvie Gossery, and Muriel Wybo for their contribution to the organization of the study, as well as Pablo Sillon for his assistance. Completion of this study was also made possible by the dedication of the personnel of each participating centre: Clinic la Costière (Gérard Marro, Georges Benichou, Jean-Pierre Dany, Patrick Ferrer, Richard Moriano, Alain Salimpour, Jean-Charles Struelens), Clinic Saint-Luc (Claude Capdeville, Sophie
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Cited by (0)
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Since all three contributed equally to the preparation of this paper, the order of appearance of the first, second, and third authors (A.J.S.M., G.M., and C.M.) was determined at random: they should all be considered first authors.