The effects of contralateral acoustic stimulation on evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAE) were examined in three subject groups in order that the impact of efferent olivocochlear bundle section (as a consequence of vestibular neurectomy) could be compared with normal findings, and with a control surgical population. Results demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of contralateral noise on OAE amplitude was absent from the cochlea with severed efferent fibers. These findings appear to be independent of acoustic reflex activity, as suppression was absent despite normal reflexes. Inter-aural suppression of emissions recorded from the patients' intact cochleae act as a control and show a clear reduction in amplitude during contralateral stimulation in a frequency specific pattern consistent with normal findings. Patients who had undergone a similar surgical approach for vascular decompression of the VIIIth nerve without vestibular nerve section, were studied in order to assess the impact of retrolabyrinthine surgery on inter-aural suppression. Inhibition of OAE amplitude was maintained in all control cases in both the operated and intact sides, and was consistent with suppression observed in normal subjects, suggesting that the surgical procedures had not disturbed inter-aural suppression of otoacoustic emissions. It is concluded that the olivocochlear efferent system, when activated by low level contralateral acoustic stimulation, has an inhibitory role in controlling the cellular mechanisms responsible for the generation of otoacoustic emissions in humans. OAE techniques in conjunction with contralateral acoustic stimulation may thus prove to be of value in providing a rapid and non-invasive clinical test of efferent function and offer a means of investigating the functional significance of the efferent auditory system in humans.