Paleopathology is a well established science with numerous papers and books on the subject but, in contrast, paleoneurobiology is almost non-existent. We examined sections of sural nerves obtained from seven embalmed Egyptian mummies and one naturally desiccated Peruvian mummy, immunohistochemically stained for several neurochemicals. Immunoreactivity for type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS), protein gene-product 9.5, galanin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was observed in the nervi nervorum. No immunoreactivity was seen using antibodies directed against substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or neuropeptide Y. NOS-immunoreactivity was also observed in biopsied samples of contemporaneous human sural nerves. Thus, using a standard immunohistochemical technique it was possible to detect neurochemicals in ancient sural nerves that had been preserved by mummification. Furthermore, the finding of NOS in the ancient nerves led to its detection in contemporaneous sural nerves.