Background Rigorous, informative meta-analyses rely on availability of appropriate
summary statistics or individual participant data. For continuous outcomes, especially those …

A valid surrogate endpoint allows correct inference to be drawn regarding the effect of an
intervention on the unobserved true clinical endpoint of interest. The perceived practical and …

Background and Purpose—Systematic reviews have shown that organized inpatient (stroke
unit) care reduces the risk of death after stroke. However, it is unclear how this is achieved …

The aim of this book is to develop a critical awareness of language tests so that language
teachers can better reflect on and evaluate the public tests their students take and can …

In language testing we are concerned with the extent to which a test can be shown to
produce scores that are an accurate reflection of a candidate's ability in a particular area, eg …

Reading in a Second Language sets the testing and teaching of reading against a
theoretical background, discussing research from both applied linguistics and cognitive …

Objective: To determine whether raised plasma glucose concentration independently
influences outcome after acute stroke or is a stress response reflecting increased stroke …

Adaptive designs can make clinical trials more flexible by utilising results accumulating in
the trial to modify the trial's course in accordance with pre-specified rules. Trials with an …

Background and Purpose Clinical trials routinely use stroke scales to compare baseline
characteristics of treatment groups. It is unclear which stroke scale provides the most …

Background and Purpose—Elevated concentrations of the acute-phase reactant C-reactive
protein (CRP) predict ischemic cardiac events in both hospital-and population-based studies …